buy custom The Business Environment essay

purchase custom The Business Environment exposition There are gains and dangers of monetary globalization. Globalization can be characterized as increment universal contact in monetary exercises, culture and individuals (Held 2007, pg 1). This term can likewise be utilized to allude to the overall progression of mainstream society, musings and dialects. At the point when applied in the financial setting the term at that point alludes to monetary globalization. Financial globalization as indicated by the United Nations ESCWA alludes to diminish and avoidance of exchange boundaries between and among states (Eclac: 2002. pg 10). These hindrances may be in type of as far as standards, taxes or send out charges. The rejection and diminishing the exchange hindrances is intended to upgrade development of products, administrations, work and capital among countries. This paper looks to clarify the increases and dangers of Strinidal a nation with a normal for every ca of $ 2000 at showcase trade and having a populace of 40 million with 14 milli on living in urban territories. Additionally its major0 trades are crude materials including a limited quantity of oil. Strinidal as indicated by the postings of the UN is marginally above least evolved nations. These are nations with have a normal for every capita of $905. To travel from this level a nation must have a normal for every capita of $ 1,086. Strinidal is along these lines a genuine case of a creating nation. These are nations with per capita more than $ 1,086. As per the IMF report on globalization of 2000; this nations have a large portion of their fares as crude materials and nourishments (Eclac: 2002. pg 98) Strinidal with a normal for each capita of $ 2000 and trading significantly crude material and a limited quantity of oil fits well in this class of creating nations. Increases globalization for Strinidal The IMF 2000 report expresses that globalization has four principle angles that is exchange, development of work starting with one nation or mainland then onto the next, remote direct speculation, development of information thoughts, contemplations, innovation and furthermore stream of capital investment% (IMF, 2000). Globalization prompts information move (Eclac: 2002. pg 98). The information move can be as far as specialized information move, vote based system which prompts the change of social orders. This information can likewise be about accessible open doors in the market. Information about great strategies which prompted accomplishment of different nations can be gained in Strinidal through globalization. Bringing in great administration from the worldwide world can pull in remote direct speculation (FDI) a similar way it worked for those nations. From a worldwide point of view we can discover that pay off and different misbehaviors in the creating nations have influenced remote direct speculation adversely and in this way a void such practices. Another information move that can be of help to Strinidal from the worldwide world is straightforwardness in governments. This reality will assist the nation with developing since straightforwardness in government organizations pulls in speculation inflows from worldwide shared supports like IMF and World Bank. Mechanical exchange is an essential element of globalization. Mechanical and improve move from different nations such in the fields of data (advancement of cell phones, PCs and different hardware) can incredibly support Strinidal economy. Globalization additionally opens up more noteworthy fare showcases along these lines winning the nation remote trade (Baffour, A, 2011,pg 138). Additionally, IMF and World Bank reports states free development of work in the globalized world will help Strinidal Company in a few different ways. It can help Strinidal to get prodctive work. The additions from the beneficial work as per the report are higher than the pay paid to the people. The distinction in the pay paid and cash earned from the work produces pay to these nations. Besides permitting work stream from a less evolved nation to a progressively created nation is gainful. This is on the grounds that it prompts information and ability impartation to the laborers (Eclac: 2002. pg 102). At the point when this work power returns home they can utilize the new aptitudes subsequently will be useful to Strinidal. The other part of globalization that will be gainful to Strinidal is the direct outside venture. This is on the grounds that whenever outsiders put resources into enterprises they make work chances to residents in Strinidal along these lines improving their expectations for everyday comforts. The last increase Strinidal will gather from globalizing is through capital market advancement. From the World Bank research Gao, (2000, p140) non-globalizing creating countries yearly paces of development dropped from 3.3% to 1.4% in 1970s to 1990s individually. Creating nations professional globalization then again had an expansion of 1.4%, 2.9%, 3.5%, and 5.0% in 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990 individually. Dangers of more profound globalization for Strinidal In spite of the numerous additions for the Strinidal on globalization there are numerous dangers in the different parts of globalizing. Association in globalization in the creating nations expanded from 19%-29% somewhere in the range of 1971 and 1999. Anyway the main recipients of the contribution in globalization were the created and recently industrialized nations, (Gao, 2000,p140). The creating nations like Strinidal lost over the long haul and accordingly its inclusion in universal exchange is faulty in the event that it can't manage natural products. In addition as opposed to relying upon helps from created nations, creating nations, for example, chose to open their entryways for direct remote speculation particularly during the 1990s. In any case FDIs have become so much insecure and flighty henceforth can't be depended upon in venture. World Bank and IMF claim that development of work development from regions where there is low gifted region to high talented zone will help in reinvestment because of presentation of new aptitudes and thoughts. Yet, the reality of the situation is that has not generally been the situation. A large number of the laborers who go to work abroad once in a while don't reinvest back nor do they return to their nations to offer the new information and aptitudes they obtained. This might be a direct result of the significant expense of living in the outside nations which may drive them to live from hand to mouth. As indicated by the arrangement displaying diary, exchange progression has prompted expanding paces of enthusiasm of worldwide advances. Stricter money related guidelines have made it practically outlandish for creating nations to put resources into created nations such America. Subsequently it is just evolved nations who put resources into creating nations thus harvest benefits to the detriment of creating nations. Consequently exchange advancement isn't intended to serve the poor nations however for the rich nations such the United States. Capital market opportunity is another globalizing perspective. Exploration by Gao, (2000, p140) has shown that capital market progression is for the most part connected with money and monetary emergency. At the point when such emergency happens a nation is compelled to prepare its local assets to address the circumstance along these lines easing back development by conflicting with a countrys financial plan. Capital market advancement has additionally the impact of making nations to surrender theeir control of conversion standard and money related rules. This has extraordinary ramifications on different nations monetary development particularly when there is world money related emergency. The impact is crippling local money related foundations, for example, banks have been practically and serious insightful. This is on the grounds that national monetary foundations can't contend universal establishments, for example, World Bank. Moreover when nations have obligations they need to store obligation holds equivalent to the transient obligations with United States. This prompts capital flight. The given cash is inaccessible to these nations yet for United States. This is disadvantageous to the nations getting the credit in light of the fact that the held cash could have been utilized for venture. US then again works with this cash and makes benefits through its banks. It is assessed that America makes benefit of $ 14 million utilizing this cash. The other fixing for the creating nations is the high loan fee of 18% (IMF, 2000). Political globalization was intended to propel great and adequate morals in legislative issues. This should be move of data on the most ideal methods of initiative. The ways of thinking upheld as a seat mark for good administration were sway and independency. Moreover governments should grasp majority rules system. Anyway in many creating nations, for example, Nigeria Sierra Leone and Congo there has been a great deal of political impedance by global associations, for example, World Bank. These associations control these nations due to the nearness of important minerals in these nations. They along these lines include themselves in defilement to win concessions, and gain admittance to the minerals for example fuel. This has brought down financial development in the creating nations. Globalization has likewise prompted the demolition of the conventional culture and corrupted the picture of bosses. The IMF proposed radical strategies received by numerous nations on the planet (IMF, 2000). During the financial unrest this worldwide association proposed laying off of numerous laborers pitilessly. This was parting from numerous conventional standards of being reasonable. Distinction in globalization in provincial and urban zones in Strinidal Globalization has influenced numerous zones of people groups lives, for example, culture, exchange, innovation among others. In any case there is a distinction in level of the impact of globalization in Strinidal in urban and country territories. The impact is far a lot more noteworthy in the urban focus than the country territories. For instance as far as innovation the urban zones are more mechanically progressed than the provincial territories. The urban people get to the web and are increasingly acquainted with the utilization of cell phones than the country society. Regarding society individuals living in the urban zones are progressively saved and conventional as far as their dr

Problems associated with hangings at Tyburn Essay Example for Free

Issues related with hangings at Tyburn Essay In Britain the discipline of execution was given to all the crooks they balance the lawbreakers by neck till the demise, for this reason the Tyburn utilized the old trees, they hanged numerous individuals by at once and in early periods the execution was acted before all the individuals of nation this action was the focal point of fascination for all the individuals at whatever point they come to realize that they are going to hang somebody. They all used to assemble there and watch it, the primary gallon was sufficient to balance ten individuals at the occasions however later on they adjust it and make it littler than before yet at the same time it was fit for draping 6 individuals one after another, later on the protestant power them to quit giving this discipline on each wrongdoing whether its little or huge they simply sentence the hanging till death which was not considered as the ethical demonstration. Later on they halted execution before residents and give this discipline in jail just within the sight of William Willis, the main overseer, the specialist of the jail, the senator and furthermore another corrections officer. This article additionally talks about all the insights regarding the hanging procedure, the progressions which were made and what the individuals accepts about this procedure. The perception shows that couple of individuals accepts that the execution ought to completed to spare our country and tomorrow and they additionally consider execution great as it gives the exercise to different hoodlums while then again not many individuals accepted that execution is a horrendous demonstration which ought to be halted and the legislature should give one opportunity to each illicit individual, in this article we will talk about the entirety of the realities and afterward think of the end. Hanging of Tyburn In an Anglo-Saxon period the Britain abuse the procedure of execution for humanitarian the reprimand to the occupants who started any wrongdoing like assault, murdering somebody or when anybody go past their profound accepts and execute any sort of fault contrary to their strict accepts and so on. Up to the year 1868 reprimand were yielded out in facade of huge number of individuals this loosen route for generous discipline end up being the inspiration of eagerness for the network of Tyburn, practically the entirety of the residents accumulate round there so as to perceive how did they hanged the guilty party anyway later on in the Gala Days time the hanging were to be had in the prison, the huge group additionally gather there to challenge this execution for the explanation that various individuals from their general public were dead a direct result of this discipline so they begin challenging it. The history gives you a thought that there were right around 10,935 capital punishments in England alongside Wales alone, for the term of the years 1735 to 1964, these executions comprise of on 10,378 men just as 557 ladies. This technique for reprimand was turning into the terrorizing for the people of England step by step, they utilize their verifiable trees for big-hearted this discipline, these trees were massive as much as important to hang up eight men one after another. To show the specific scene of hanging let us see how would they perform it, it is accepted at the hour of hanging the executioner is watched calmly smoking his channel, they bring the censured in the truck tag along his stone casket alongside an exhortative cleric the number of inhabitants in Britain doesn't care for thusly of discipline at all and they simply needed to get ride of this. (Hanging, March, 23, 2000; Lesley Nelson). In the year 1783 ninth of December the primary executions was seen on New gate’s, new drop framework, around then nine men just as one lady were dangled simultaneously. Edward Dennis alongside William Brunskill played out this execution planned for a variety of offenses. It was a huge box like structure with two uprights supporting two equal pillars from which a limit of twelve crooks could be hanged on the double. There was a stage in which detainee stood, the stage had the length of 10 feet and the width of 8 feet, when the switch or pin was moved the activity on a drawbar under the drop happens after this they generally tumbled to level of their knee it is accepted that the new drop had 96 clients flanked by February in addition December of 1785, by methods for 20 men be suspended booked on the second of February of that time. During the mid of the year’s 1820s, the method of discipline as hangings turned out to be less normal than previously, the twofold pillar hangman's tree was not any more utilized in the process hanging and were substitute with a singular bar model however this lone bar scaffold was still enough to balance six individuals one after another. In the year 1571, the tyburn organized the triple tree; the explanation behind building up these trees was to take out past small structures, with the goal that they can dangle 24 criminal at once. In the year 1649, 23rd of June they draped 23 men just as one lady on the grounds that these individuals were scrupulous for thievery notwithstanding theft; these 24 detainee have been get across at the situation of execution in 8 trucks (Execution at Tyburn). There was a further extraordinary execution in the year 1740 on eighteenth of March ensuing to the well known shoplifter and looter, Jenny Diver who was hanged with 19 extra lawbreakers. Until the year's end 1759 the Tyburn’s triple tree was stayed in their utilization. Later on the progressions were made in procedure of execution they were altered when lastly it was lawfully demonstrated that executions should just make in the detainment facilities as it was harming the humankind from the populace step by step, it is the accept of individuals that by hanging individuals straightforwardly they should be answerable for making the others honest individuals frightened too. In the year 1900 the execution was just done on jail. Let us examine commonplace execution of 1900’s now, toward the start of world war one few the prison for the most part permitted the press columnists to be there just at the hour of execution when the male criminal was being hanged. The report of hanging in Abel Atherton at Durham in the year 1909 eighth of December the execution remain alive of Henry Pierrepoint, the columnist relate that it was early morning 7. 50 a. m of Wednesday, the individual who works under the Sheriff makes his entrance in the jail alongside the three correspondents of paper. Two of the overseers purchased the Atherton in to the territory of the specialist, the hands of Atherton were immobilize, later on they show the path frontward to the hangman's tree all through an exhibit which was additionally comprising of the Chief Warder, the Atherton was kept by the assistance of caretakers on both of the side, Pierrepoint alongside his subordinates which incorporates William Willis, the main overseer, the specialist of the jail, the representative and furthermore another corrections officer. At the point when the Chaplain was in participation inside the cottage around then Atherton was plunged, his legs were grasp somewhere around Willis at when he was dove in behind of Willis legs, the noose was set over the head of Atherton and the noose was likewise acclimated before pulling the white hood above him by the Pierrepoint. Near to the assize officers clock impel striking at that hour Pierrepoint unconfined the fence in giving Atherton. The way toward hanging must be over before the striking of clock halted, the press men portrays that when they looked down they feel like that Athertons demise was prompt and his body was all the while hanging totally. The chime of the jail started clangor notwithstanding the executing shed was bolted up separating Atherton drifting on the rope planned as the standard hour. This was of execution was obviously superior to before yet at the same time hanging was estimated as the demonstration neighboring the moral qualities. Barely any years after the fact little change were made in execution yet this law stays same and the individuals initiate the more dissent against these goes about as they were never for murdering somebody. Presently we will have a definite perspectives on history episodes which shows what do the individuals accept about it and ho did they take hanging be neck for any drunkard of transgression whether its burglary. Assault, murder or prostitution, we will likewise survey what are the accepts of networks about execution and what are the requests of residents identified with the discipline of hanging till death (The historical backdrop of legal hanging in Britain 1735-1964). The last episode of hanging happen in Scotland in the year 1820, they hanged the 22 men together these individuals were held tight thirteenth and fourteenth of July. Before the half of the century individuals started to give their philosophy about this rebuke it was John Locke who uncovers that the most significant aim of administration of the state was the protection of national another explanation agreeing his perspective for this demonstration could be to give security to the property and furthermore for making sure about the life of the individual. It is accepted that Lockes musings were reasonably in recognition by methods for a noninterventionist state appearance which suggested the open minded guideline of riches in addition to declare. He was the one whose announcements shows that he was in the kindness of execution and he puts forth his all attempt to make this reality understood in the eye of watcher yet he didn't accomplish his objective totally.

Propaganda Theory (spin Doctoring And Media Managment) Essay

Propaganda Theory (spin Doctoring And Media Managment) Essay Propaganda Theory (spin Doctoring And Media Managment) â€" Essay Example > 1.0. Introduction A number of researchers have attempted to define the word spin and settled on a common meaning of it as a verb that is used to denote the positive side of a given situation while avoiding the negative aspect by all means (Mittler, p102). Similarly, public relations view spin as a term used to describe highly biased and exaggerated information that presents the extremely positive aspect in favour of a given situation (Berger and Reber, p73). Propaganda on the other hand is government machinery filled with falsehoods in order to influence public and international opinion in support of its views and policies (Brady, p61). Spin doctoring is a term that has been there since the early 80s for use by the public relations officers to convince people that a given situation is significant through their diplomatic manipulations (Bowen, p34). Bowen (p46) further asserts that spin doctoring was additionally used to refer to “the political analysts who used their tactics to convince people to follow their corporate representatives”. As observed by David (p37), spin has been equated to a form of propaganda that is achieved through providing an interpretation of an event or campaign to persuade public opinion in favour or against a certain organization or public figure. From the foregoing, propaganda can therefore be taken as the aspect of using lies to deceive a competitor or a rival in a case involving psychological warfare (Tilley, p310). It further functions to protect its sources when the falsehood is exposed particularly by an enemy competitor. This is referred to as damage control and is the mandate of public relations department. The author in this essay intends to discuss the meaning of propaganda theory concentrating on the concepts of spin doctoring and media management. The essay is thus presented in a main body and a short conclusion to sum up the author’s arguments. 2.0. Spin doctoring and media management Published works show that th e first spin doctor was the father of public relations who is praised for having influenced the world in accepting otherwise antisocial behaviours like smoking and alcoholism into being more socially acceptable through his propagandist methods (David, p40). In later years, spin doctoring is reported by David (p43) to have been practised by Tony Blair and Alastair Campbell in their public relations portfolios between 1994 and 2003. Further reports indicate that modern day politics have been a haven of propaganda by the powers that be to convince the electorate to continue voting for them. This claim is strongly supported by reports showing Peter Mandelson and Alastair Campbell as been regarded as their governments spin doctors during their times (p45). In most cases, research has additionally illustrated that the information presented through propaganda is usually manipulated with a lot of exaggerations trying to emphasise on the most positive aspect of the situation under considera tion. This can be seen in tobacco companies when advertising and marketing their products. They will use enormous bill boards alight with bright neon lights to light pictures of men wearing cowboy hats without mentioning the negative aspect of the cigarettes. In view of this, spin doctors are found to be public relation officers in corporate world who work to win people’s loyalty towards their subjects or institutions (Bowen, p50). Their aim is therefore to steer the corporate sales towards set objectives through marketing their mission and ideas (p51).

7 Reasons to Become a Teacher

It’S Interesting How Everyone Has A Differing And Personal

It’s interesting how everyone has a differing and personal definition of love. Love is an indefinable heap of confusion. I guess I could say â€Å"in my opinion†, love is connection, trust, affection, and openness†¦love is the most extraordinary and satisfying experience that we can have as human beings. At some points in our life we will all experience love whether it’s for a human being or maybe just for your dog. Why is this question so hard to answer? I perceive love in a positive way but on the other hand Raymond perceives love differently. That’s okay because we all have different definitions. Throughout Raymond Carvers short stories he uses disconnection, distrust, and doubt to portray the idea that bad relationships and negative†¦show more content†¦In the story Laura says, â€Å"Well, Nick and I know what love is, for us, I mean. She bumped my knee with her knee†¦For an answer; I took Laura s hand and raised it to my lips. I m ade a big production out of kissing her hand. Everyone was amused.†(Carver) Nick and Laura, express their love by kissing hands. Since we don t get to know Nick and Laura very well, we can t see all that deeply into their relationship. On the surface, they certainly do seem to be in love. Nick really likes Laura, and because things are easy between them the two of them must be in love. This begs the question of shouldn’t love be more complicated and he might want to rethink such a simple definition. What do any of us really know about love? Mel said. It seems to me we re just beginners at love.(Carver) In â€Å"Why Don’t You Dance†, the man is going through loss with a woman, and copes with this issue by putting all their shared furniture out on the lawn for sale. The story doesn’t exactly offer a warm and fuzzy presentation of love and relationships. The older man is obviously suffering after losing his wife which Carver contrasts with a young couple just starting out together. We are not sure what the future holds for them but the man at the sale says â€Å"This girl and this boy were furnishing a little apartment.†(Carver) While the older man s relationship is over, the young couple coming to buy his furniture is just starting out in life. It is anShow MoreRelatedArticle Analysis: Educational Demographics: What Teacher Should Know by Harold Hodgkinson1390 Words   |  6 PagesI was struck by a few interesting points while reading the article Educational Demographics: What Teacher Should Know by Harold Hodgkinson. I found it true and interesting how t he author mentions that teachers are often not involved in policy decisions and discussions that affect the schools. I know it’s true in my district. State and federal policy makers are often not teachers, and don’t always promote what is actually best for schools. 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The company is called The Body Shop, I hope you have heard of it for that would make our journey through its development even more enjoyable. Management is described as the process of getting activities with and through other people. This philosophy has been so widely examined that there are literally millions of opinions and differing views on the subject. WeRead More Management And The Body Shop Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce a company that has in its short, yet very successful existence transformed through all the levels and practices mentioned above. The company is called quot;The Body Shopquot;, I hope you have heard of it for that would make our journey through its development even more enjoyable. Management is described as the process of getting activities with and through other people. 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Some techniques from Alen Mayer include: Establishing a common ground: Establishing a commonality you both have, Pointing out the benefits: highlighting the major benefits to the consumers, turning objections into strengths: You should agree with the prospects objection and then illustrate how it is easily overcomeRead MoreAssessing Your Own Leadership Capability and Performance2455 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition; The Oxford English Dictionary definition of leadership is: The action of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do this. Drucker’s summed up leadership as â€Å"The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers† whereas, John C Maxwell said â€Å"leadership is influence, nothing more, nothing less†. Warren Bennis focuses more on individual capability and defines leadership as Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well

Sociological Theories Free Essays

Chapter one there are three different types of sociological theories. The three types are functionalist theory, conflict theory, and symbolic theory. We will cover and talk about the differences. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now First is the functionalist theory. The functionalist theory is when the people who live in the area are all part of a bigger plan. Everyone there is an equal no one has more than anyone else. When I think about functionalist I think of farm. As in like the whole community works on the farm like someone feed and mike cows and someone male food the cows eat so and and so forth. August Comte and Herbert Spencer viewed society as a kind of living organism. When all the people are working together is called normal and when there not it’s abnormal The conflict theory provides a third perspective on social life. Unlike the functionalists, who view society as harmonious whole, with its parts working together, conflict theorists talk about society being composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resources. Karl Marx is the founder of this theory. This is like slavery to me because slaves worked for a higher power for very little are no pay at all. Soon people get mad and rise up to the greater power and demand a change. The last one is symbolic theory witch is when people develop and share their views of the world, and focus on micro level. This is like used when people back in the day didn’t read and right. The easy way to talk to people is with pictures. They are easy to understand than writing. There are many differences between these things. For one they were all made up in different area of times, and locations in the world. All the theories are made but by different people, and they had their way of thinking of it. They all apply for different part of life, but very close. One thing they do haven common is that they all related to groups of people. Is takes a group of people to make it work. All these theories have happened in some part of the world. Not only have they happen they still happen in today society. Finally in collection there is nothing new under the sun, and the same things they are talking about there are happing now. And all these theories can be facts. How to cite Sociological Theories, Essay examples Sociological Theories Free Essays Sociological Theories A sociological theory is a set of ideas that provides an explanation for human society. Theories are selective in terms of their priorities and perspectives and the data they define as significant. As a result they provide a particular and partial view of reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sociological theories can be grouped together according to a variety of criteria. The most important of these is the distinction between Structural and Social action theories. Structural, or macro perspectives analyses the way society as a whole fits together. Structural theory sees society as a system of relationships that creates the structure of the society in which we live. It is this structure that determines our lives and characters. Structured sets of social relationships are the ‘reality’ that lie below the appearance of ‘the free individual’ of western individualism. Structuralism focuses on the particular set of ‘structural laws’ that apply in any one society. Despite their differences, both functionalism and Marxism use a model of how society as a whole works. Many functionalists base their model of society around the assumption of basic needs and go to explain how different parts of society help to meet those needs. Marxists, on the other hand, see society as resting upon an economic base or infrastructure, with a superstructure above it. They see society as divided into social classes which have the potential to be in conflict with each other. However, the main differences between functionalist and Marxist perspectives then, is the way they characterize the social structure. Functionalists stress the extent to which the different elements of the social structure fit together harmoniously. Marxists stress the lack of fit between the different parts, particularly social classes, and so emphasize the potential for social conflict. Not all sociological perspectives base their analysis upon an examination of the structure of society as a whole. Rather than seeing human behaviour as being largely determined by society, they see society as being the product of human activity. They stress the meaningfulness of human behaviour, denying that it is primarily determined by the structure of society. These approaches are known as social action theory, interpretive sociology or micro sociology. Max Weber was the first sociologist to advocate a social action approach. Symbolic interactionists try to explain human behaviour and human society by examining the ways in which people interpret the actions of others, develop a self-concept or self-image, and act in terms of meanings. Ethnomethodology moves even further from a structural approach by denying the existence of a social structure as such. They see the social world as consisting of the definitions and categorizations of members of society. The job of the sociologist, in their view, is to interpret, describe and understand the subjective reality. Marxism is an economic and socio-political worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and a critique of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid-19th century by two German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism encompasses Marxian economic theory, a sociological theory and a revolutionary view of social change that has greatly influenced socialist political movements worldwide. Courtesy of Lee Bryant, Director of Sixth Form, Anglo-European School, Ingatestone, Essex 3 Related Pages Theories in Sociology Key beliefs of functionalism Feminism Social Action Theory The Labelling Theory Michel Foucault Women and Crime Why do people commit crime? Crime and Globalisation Feminism and Crime How to cite Sociological Theories, Essay examples Sociological Theories Free Essays This theory has caught the attention of the nation, and the federal government has taken steps to roved assistance in lower income and poverty stricken areas. One of the main programs that have been implemented into these lower income areas are Yam’s. The goal behind the YMCA is to bring sports, and other activities into the lower income areas and keep juveniles busy within the YMCA and keeping these kids off the streets and out of trouble. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second theory is the Social Process Theory. The Social Process Theory is based upon the belief that colonization is key in determining ones behavior. If colonization is absent or portrayed in a negative manner, it can cause venires to act out in feel alienated from normal social behaviors. Children who feel isolated from their peers and do not have a loving environment at home are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior. These children often turn to drugs or alcohol as an answer. An example of both state and federal funded program that assists with the Social Process Theory is the D. A. R. E Program. The D. A. R. E program is designed to prevent kids from using drugs, engaging in violent and criminal acts and encourages them to engage n normal social behaviors with other kids their age. The third theory is the Social Conflict Theory. The Social Conflict Theory is a belief that our entire society is in a constant state of internal conflict, with various groups trying to impose their belief on others. The Social Conflict Theory suggests that those of wealth and power help define laws to meet their specific needs while ignoring the needs of the rest of society. It is believed that adolescents that do not fit into the needs of the powerful members of society are labeled criminal delinquents. Those that suffer the most from social conflict are people of color or those living in poverty stricken areas. An example of a program that targets the youth suffering from the social conflict program is Promising Practices Network. The Promising Practices Network is a school based violence prevention program that serves over 400 public schools in poverty stricken areas. This program is designed to fight prejudice, stereotypes and other types of violence. As shown here these three sociological theories are vital ways to view the issues related to juvenile delinquency. The programs related to each of these theories are extremely beneficial to lowering crime rates among juveniles. I truly hope that we continue to fund these wonderful programs, as it benefits the future of America. How to cite Sociological Theories, Papers

Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Ode to the West Wind

The ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’, a poem by Samuel Coleridge, highlights the travails of a sailor who has just returned from a long sea voyage. Coleridge uses different symbols to show the severity of the situation the reader needs to anticipate in the poem. The poet reveals how the Mariner’s ship encounters a strong storm while at sea which makes him and his crew sail southwards towards Antarctica. An albatross which helps them sail out of Antarctica is shot down by the Mariner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ and ‘Ode to the West Wind’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The albatross is used in the poem as a symbol of both good and bad fortune, which the mariner and fellow crew members experience during their voyage. The Mariner is made to wear the albatross round his neck by other crew members as a punishment for his mistakes. Coleridge manages to set a somber tone in the poem which displays the ill fate crew members will encounter while sailing at sea. Coleridge sticks with a melancholic tone as the Mariner together with other crew members come across a ghostly ship. A woman on the ship is used to show the thin line between life and death. She gambles with the lives of all crew members on the ship and manages to condemn them to death. Coleridge manages to show the enduring spirit of the Mariner who prays and the albatross falls off his neck. The poet shows the power of good over evil because the Mariner’s prayer makes the crew rise from the dead and later steer the ship to safe waters. This is an allusion similar to extra ordinary feats in the bible which show the supernatural power of God. Later on, the ship capsizes in a whirlpool where all crew members except the Mariner lose their lives. The ‘Ode to the West Wind’ by Percy Shelley, shows how nature regenerates to bring forth a fresh life. Shelley uses the wind as a metaphor which spreads fresh ideas that enable people embrace the concept of change in their lives. The poet uses a unique stylistic approach which helps to interpret the strong metaphorical ideas used in the poem. The poet uses agents of nature to show how change and new ideas travel fast and their remarkable effects on human beings. He uses descriptive language to show how various agents of nature such as wind, clouds, oceans, forests and other living things impact on life on planet earth. The poem reveals that he is inspired by spiritual elements of nature which is evident in the language he uses in the poem. Shelley manages to relate different concepts of nature by using metaphorical phrases with strong meanings. He uses clouds to show they are crucial to the formation of rain. These clouds are used to portray how people’s anticipation for change to take place can make them take charge of their own destiny.Advertising Looking for essay on b ritish literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shelley uses the wind to show how revolutionary ideas help to change systems which have been entrenched for long periods of time. The poet manages to show how he aspires to be an agent of change in different parts of the society. He assumes another persona where he displays himself as a supernatural being whose spirit will help nurture new lives in the world. The poem reveals that the poet’s perceptions of life are driven by fantasies whose relevance cannot be estimated. This essay on ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ and ‘Ode to the West Wind’ was written and submitted by user Noemi Nelson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

You Need to Check Out These 70 Most Liberal Colleges in America

You Need to Check Out These 70 Most Liberal Colleges in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re politically active, you may want to go to a college where the students, faculty, and administration share your values. You’ll be more likely to find student groups that are aligned with your interests and beliefs and you'll probably have a more enjoyable college experience. In this article, I’ll give you the names of some of the most liberal colleges in the United States. Furthermore, I’ll detail the traits of liberal colleges, explain possible advantages and disadvantages of liberal colleges, and advise you how to find liberal colleges that could be a good fit for you. Traits of the Most Liberal Colleges Liberal colleges are very politically left-wing. They're more accepting of different sexual orientations and gender identities, and students tend to favor liberal positions like ending the War on Drugs, outlawing private prisons, and raising the minimum wage. The most liberal colleges tend to be private liberal arts colleges.Very liberal students are often drawn to small liberal arts colleges because these schools offer a more progressive education. For example, at Reed College, grades are recorded, but deemphasized and not distributed to students, and professors serve more as mediators in class discussions as opposed to being lecturers. Furthermore, the most liberal colleges usually reflect the political leanings of their locations. Many of the most liberal colleges are located on the west coast and in the Northeast, both known for being extremely liberal places. Possible Advantages of Going to a Liberal College If you're very liberal, then you'll probably be happier and more comfortable around like-minded people. You're more likely to make friends who share your political and social views. Your professors are also likely to be very liberal, and you'll be receiving an education that coincides with your values and beliefs. Liberal colleges are known for being extremely tolerant and culturally sensitive. LGBT students and students from underrepresented backgrounds may feel more supported at liberal colleges. The college is more likely to offer support services and organizations for these students. Also, very liberal colleges tend to be less strict and structured. Many liberal colleges pride themselves on being less focused on grades and big lecture classes and more focused on collaboration and self-actualization. They often have a much more permissive culture, and they tend to be less likely to harshly punish students who engage in "extracurricular" activities that are stereotypically associated with college life. If you're liberal and go to a conservative college, it's possible that you'll feel isolated and ostracized for your beliefs. You'll find more Bernie Sanders fans at liberal colleges. (Marc Nozell/Flickr) Possible Disadvantages of Liberal Colleges If you're very liberal, you may benefit from being exposed to different viewpoints. Having your beliefs challenged and being around diverse opinions can help you learn and grow. If you're very liberal and attend a liberal college, you may just be surrounding yourself with people who are likely to echo your beliefs. While liberal colleges are tolerant of people from different backgrounds, they tend to not be very tolerant of conservative viewpoints. Many of the students at the most liberal colleges view conservatives as closed-minded or ignorant. If you want to be in an environment that welcomes diverse viewpoints, you may not feel completely comfortable at the most liberal colleges. Furthermore, the most liberal colleges and students are becoming notorious for protesting and taking action against speech they consider insensitive or offensive. Many people believe these colleges and students have become hyper-sensitive. Because most colleges tend to lean liberal, and the majority of college faculty members are liberal, you don't have to attend the most liberal colleges to be around liberal people and ideologies. The only colleges that have a reputation for being more conservative are many of the religious schools, the service academies, and public colleges in the most conservative states. Finally, the less structured environment at the most liberal colleges may not be beneficial to you. Some students need more structure and discipline to excel. Also, the lack of emphasis on grades and a traditional curriculum at some of the most liberal colleges may not suit your educational needs and could negatively impact some of your future job opportunities. The Most Liberal Colleges Let's go through two rankings of the most liberal colleges, so you can get a sense ofwhereyou might want to look if you're hoping to attend a particularly liberal school. Niche Niche is a website that provides reviews, rankings, and statistics about neighborhoods and schools. It provides many different college ranking lists from the overall best colleges to the top party schools to the most liberal colleges. The Niche rankings of the most liberal colleges are based on a political poll of 50,000 students from 747 colleges. A full 80% of the rankings is based on student survey responses regarding the students' personal political leanings. The remaining 20% is based on student survey responses regarding the political leanings of other students at the college. The List I'm giving you the top 50 most liberal colleges according to Niche, with #1 being the most liberal. Most of these colleges are private colleges and many are small liberal arts colleges. Some of the public universities that made the top 50 are University of Vermont, UC Santa Cruz,SUNY Purchase, andPortland State University. UC Santa Cruz (Casey Marshall/Flickr) School Location Acceptance Rate 1. University of California - Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 51% 2. San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 70% 3. Columbia College Chicago Chicago, IL 92% 4. Mills College Oakland, CA 87% 5. University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 17% 6. Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA 51% 7. Bard College Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 58% 8. Portland State University Portland, OR 92% 9. American University Washington, DC 29% 10. Oberlin College Oberlin, OH 34% 11. New York University New York, NY 28% 12. Howard University Washington, DC 41% 13. Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY 53% 14. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 38% 15. Smith College Northampton, MA 32% 16. Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY 24% 17. SUNY Purchase College Purchase, NY 74% 18. Carleton College Northfield, MN 21% 19. Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 16% 20. University of Washington Seattle, WA 46% 21. SUNY New Paltz New Paltz, NY 44% 22. Northwestern University Evanston, IL 9% 23. Kenyon College Gambier, OH 34% 24. Fashion Institute of Technology New York, NY 47% 25. University of California - Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 33% 26. CUNY Hunter College New York, NY 40% 27. Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 85% 28. Columbia University New York, NY 7% 29. Roosevelt University Chicago, IL 70% 30. Denison University Granville, OH 37% 31. University of Oregon Eugene, OR 83% 32. University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA 66% 33. Barnard College New York, NY 15% 34. Morgan State University Baltimore, MD 64% 35. SUNY Buffalo State College Buffalo, NY 58% 36. Occidental College Los Angeles, CA 42% 37. New College of Florida Sarasota, FL 69% 38. University of California - Riverside Riverside, CA 57% 39. Emerson College Boston, MA 46% 40. Swarthmore College Swarthmore, PA 11% 41. Northeastern University Boston, MA 27% 42. Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 64% 43. Boston University Boston, MA 25% 44. Bowdoin College Brunswick, ME 14% 45. California State University - Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 46% 46. San Jose State University San Jose, CA 67% 47. Spelman College Atlanta, GA 40% 48. California State University - Dominguez Hills Carson, CA 54% 49. Ithaca College Ithaca, NY 71% 50. University of Vermont Burlington, VT 67% Rally of the "Carleton College Dems" (cursedthing/Flickr) Princeton Review The Princeton Review rankings for the most liberal colleges are based on students' responses to the question "Politically, are you left-wing, Democrat, middle, Republican, right-wing?" The List All of these colleges are small, private colleges with the exception of Clark University (Worcester, Massachusetts) and Brown University (Providence, Rhode Island), which are progressive private research universities. Schools that made both the Niche and Princeton Review lists are Bryn Mawr and the University of Vermont. The schools on the Princeton Review list are ranked from 1-20. School Location Acceptance Rate 1. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 38% 2. Bennington College Bennington, VT 63% 3. Reed College Portland, OR 35% 4. Earlham College Richmond, IN 62% 5. Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY 53% 6. Grinnell College Grinnell, IA 25% 7. Pitzer College Claremont, CA 14% 8. Scripps College Claremont, CA 28% 9. Mills College Oakland, CA 71% 10. Brandeis University Waltham, MA 34% 11. University of Vermont Burlington, VT 67% 12. Clark University Worcester, MA 55% 13. Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, NY 36% 14. College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, ME 76% 15. Carleton College Northfield, MN 21% 16. Whitman College Walla Walla, WA 43% 17. Brown University Providence, RI 9% 18. Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA 50% 19. Lawrence University Appleton, WI 68% 20. Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 22% Marlboro College (Jared and Corin/Flickr) Student Reviews of Liberal Colleges Niche also offers student reviews of colleges. Here are some comments written by students about some of the most liberal colleges in the United States. I tried to include positive and negative comments about each school related to its very liberal environment. UC Santa Cruz There are some classes that really drill in the necessary skills needed for you future career. Other classes show you different aspects of other studies, which may be great for finding the perfect major. Overall, I would say that community is that best part of this college. It has taught me to be more open-minded and to always question the everything. Hippies everywhere! Public service announcement: if you need to be on psychedelics or smoke weed to have a better appreciation for the nature around you, you're doing something wrong! Nature is beautiful sober. Grinnell College Grinnell is extremely accepting of people from all walks of life. We have tons of programs and groups on campus to accommodate all students, such as Concerned Black Students, Cultural Diversity Panel, Spectrum, and Queer Students of Color. It was a great experience, but it requires that you are self-motivated. I thought I was at first and it was a hard wake-up call. You will be beaten, but you will come out better for it. Smith College Northampton is a perfect college town, very liberal, artsy, hipster, and worldly. So is the food. So many different types of restaurant options are available. Smith trusts its students, and it's also a school very concerned with social justice, so even seemingly trivial violations are taken very seriously and reported. Skidmore College I've learned a lot about issues that make people uncomfortable (especially in the United States) like race relations, radical environmental initiatives and the true significance of privilege. If you want drugs, then you will be able to find them relatively easily, and more than just your basics. Pot is smoked by more people than not. Alcohol is also very widely used. Most of campo just wants you to be safe and discreet, so if you are then you probably won't have any problems. For the most part, you need to be pretty obvious and obnoxious to get in trouble. Skidmore College How Should You Use These Lists of the Most Liberal Colleges? If you want to go to a very liberal college, you should research the colleges on the Niche and Princeton Review lists that interest you to determine if they’re schools you should apply to. There are many factors to consider to determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, selectivity, support services, and the majors offered. Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and other ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. What Should You Do If You Want to Attend a Liberal College, but a School You're Considering Isn't on EitherList? Just because a school you're considering didn't make either list doesn't necessarily mean that it's not liberal. As I mentioned previously, most colleges tend to be more liberal than conservative. If you want to go to a college with a liberal atmosphere, look at the school's website to see if there are student groups that are aligned with your political and social views. There may be student groups for Democrats, feminists, or LGBT students. Similarly, there may be student groups that advocate for more liberal organizations or causes like Planned Parenthood, NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), climate change, or affirmative action. Also, you can consult other sources that evaluate or grade how liberal a college is. On the Niche profile for each college, under "diversity" for each school's guide, there is a category called "political activity" that describes the political activity on campus. For example, this is how Harvard's political activity is described: Harvard possesses a largely liberal political base, but conservative political groups do make their presence felt. Nearly every student has an informed opinion, and the Institute of Politics provides an excellent forum for discussion and debate of current political topics. On the College View college finder, you can select that you're "only interested in schools with a very liberal climate" and search for colleges that fit that criteria. Furthermore, there are 20 other search categories to help you narrow your college search. Finally, remember that the political leaning of a college is often reflective of the city or town where the college is located. Colleges in the Northeast and on the west coast tend to be more liberal, and colleges in the South tend to be more conservative. You can determine if a specific city or town is liberal by looking up the candidates it supported in the last election and its views on various political and social issues. From the city of Liberal, Kansas, which is ironically more conservative What's Next? Since liberal arts colleges are predominantly liberal, you may be interested in checking out our rankings of the 28 best liberal arts colleges in the country. Also, if you want to go to a selective college, you should take a look at the colleges with the highest SAT scores. Finally, because college tuition prices continue to rise and you may be worried about how you're going to pay for college, I recommend you read this post on how much college really costs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Marketing Plan

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Marketing Plan A well-written, comprehensive marketing plan is the focal point of all business ventures because marketing describes how you plan to attract and retain customers. This is the most crucial aspect of a business. Having a marketing plan is essential to any successful business. In fact, it is the heart of the business and the basis from which all other operational and management plans are derived. Marketing can give inventors a wealth of information that, if applied correctly, can virtually ensure your success. Therefore, it is important that you, as a first-time business owner, develop a comprehensive, effective marketing plan. If you need assistance in accomplishing this task, contact your local SBA office. You can find them by looking through the local telephone directory under U.S. Government for the telephone number and address of the office nearest you. You can also get that information by going to the U.S. Small Business Administrations website and entering your zip code in the section local assistance.   An effective marketing plan will certainly boost your sales and increase your profit margins. You must be able to convince customers that you have the best product or service for them at the best possible price. If you cannot convince potential customers of this, then you are wasting your time and money. This is where the marketing plan comes into play, and this is why it is so important. There are numerous advantages you can extract from the marketplace if you know how. And the marketing plan is an excellent tool for identifying and developing strategies for putting these advantages to work. Business Advantages Identifies needs and wants of consumersDetermines demand for a productAids in the design of products that fulfill consumers needsOutlines measures for generating the cash for daily operations, to repay debts and to turn a profitIdentifies competitors and analyzes your products or firms competitive advantageIdentifies new product areasIdentifies new and/or potential customersAllows for testing to see if strategies are generating the desired results Business Disadvantages Identifies weaknesses in your business skillsCan lead to faulty marketing decisions if data isnt analyzed properlyCreates unrealistic financial projections if information isnt interpreted correctlyIdentifies weaknesses in your overall business plan Review Its always good to review what goes into a marketing plan. Write down what you can remember on a blank sheet and then compare it to this quick fact sheet. The marketing plan offers numerous advantages; however, as you can see, there can be drawbacks. Keep in mind that the advantages outweigh the drawbacks and you can always seek professional assistance when you are developing the marketing section of your business plan. It may be worth the investment.

How Has Diasporic Media Culture Transformed Hegemonic British Cultures Research Paper

How Has Diasporic Media Culture Transformed Hegemonic British Cultures - Research Paper Example "Paul Gilroy's prolific writings on race, diaspora, and national identity can be traced to an intense critical engagement with "the canon" of British cultural studies." (Durham and Kellner 2006. p. 340). He wanted to have the development of the cultural studies on an ethnohistorical perspective and felt the importance of cultural perspectives in presenting "for the images of their racialised others as objects of knowledge, power, and cultural criticism" (Gilroy 1993. p. 5) Thus, Gilroy makes it clear that "Analysis of the political dimensions to the expressive culture of black communities in Britain must reckon with their position within international networks. It should begin where fragmented diaspora histories of racial subjectivity combine in unforeseen ways with the edifice of British society and create a complex relationship with has evolved through various stages linked in different ways to the pattern of capitalist development itself" (Gilroy 1991. p.157). The contribution of the media in the development of diasporic cultures in the UK cannot, at any stage, be neglected. The boundless dialogue between communities and cultures has been crucial in the development of community relation of the British with the ethnic diasporic communities and the meanings of uniqueness and ethnic individuality. "Diasporic media cultures develop as meditation becomes increasingly central to social and cultural life. Everyday culture has become media culture" (Silverstone 2005). The British culture is very much connected with the diasporic cultures and the contribution of the diasporic media is notable in this regard.  

Answers on history (Liberalism, State Sovereignty, Marxism, The Cold Essay

Answers on history (Liberalism, State Sovereignty, Marxism, The Cold War) - Essay Example One of the questions the paper deals with is liberalism. The term liberalism has its roots in the Age of enlightenment in the eighteenth century. The intellectual and philosophical developments of that age aspired towards governmental consolidation, centralization and primacy of the nation-state, and greater rights for common people. . Its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. The topic modern liberalism is so wide and consists of political, economical, cultural, and social aspects. It emphasizes the rights of individual and equality of opportunities and freedom of thoughts and the freedom of expression of ideas. Enlightenment thinkers believed that systematic thinking might be applied to all areas of human activity. Its leaders believed they could lead their states to progress after a long period of tradition, irrationality, superstition, and tyranny which they imputed to the Middle Ages.

First Case Using DNA in the UK

First Case Using DNA in the UK No humans are exactly alike, and the DNAs are what constructs humans to be genetically unique. Using an extraordinary finding about DNA fingerprinting, a murderer of two 15-year-old in Leicestershire was successfully convicted. On November 21, 1983, Lynda Mann left her house to babysit for a lady down the road. While walking back home on a path called the Black Pad, Lynda was raped and strangled by a man. Her body was found the next morning. The story of Lynda Mann was discussed everywhere near the area and the people in the village were living in fear because the murderer was not found for quite a while. They suspected a man named Colin Pitchfork, a baker with 2 sons, but when asked about what he was doing on the night Lynda Mann disappeared, he answered that he was babysitting his child in his home. The case went cold. On July 31, 1986, another girl named Dawn Ashworth did not return home after taking a shortcut home. After two days, her body was found in a path called Ten Pound Lane. It was found out that she was raped, beaten and strangled. The two murders appeared to be done by the same person and the people believed now that the murderer was local. Richard Buckland, a 17-year-old boy with learning disabilities has been going around the murder scene of Dawn, telling people and the police that they were looking in a wrong spot. He was a local, working in a Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital. He did not give a definite answer on what he was doing the night when Dawn went missing and so the police arrested him. After questioning, he admitted to the crime involving Dawn Ashworth but denied the murder of Lynda Mann. Thanks to the DNA profiling, it was found out that Richard Buckland was not the killer and Colin Pitchfork was arrested for the murders. This case is interesting because it is the first case where DNA fingerprinting was used to release and convict a person. Even though the village people had skepticism towards the new method of identifying a person, they all agreed to participate and that is how they could connect Colin Pitchfork with the murders. Now, DNA testing is used all around the world and is considered one of the most efficient way to identify a criminal. From Lynda Manns body, the police found and linked a semen sample to a person with a type A blood. They also found an enzyme profile that matched only 10 percent of males. No other evidence was found. Then, from Dawn Ashworths body, they found a semen sample that revealed the same blood type. However, the prime suspect, Richard Buckland, continued to admit to the murder of Dawn but deny the murder of Lynda. The police were sure that those two murders were committed by the same person because the modus operandi of the second murder matched that of the first. Modus operandi, which translate to modes of operation, is someones habit of working usually regarding business or crime. When the police felt that they needed extra help in discovering the murderer, they contacted Sir Alec Jeffrey, a researcher and a scientist at the university of Leicester. He discovered that human DNA produces a constant but unique patterns that can be used to identify one person and find out relationships between family members (Jeffreys, Thein, Wilson, 1985, p. 76). The first method used for DNA profiling involved RFLP analysis. A sample such as blood or semen is cut into small pieces by restriction enzyme. This produces thousands of DNA fragments of different sizes. Then, the fragments are sorted out by size by gel electrophoresis. After this, the fragments are transferred on to the nylon membrane. The process is called Southern blot. A radioactive DNA probe is added where it binds to specific fragments. Lastly, X-ray film is placed to detect the radioactive pattern. Using this method, he compared the semen sample collected from both victim, Lynda and Dawn, and found out that the murder was indeed committed by the same person. However, the prime suspects DNA did not match the DNA of the semen sample. The police had to let Richard Buckland go. To find the murderer, the police went on a man hunt and asked all the male in the village from ages 18-34 to voluntarily take a blood test so they could compare their DNA with the killers DNA. It was solely for elimination purposes. The man hunt was a slow process and the operation was massive. Just when the police were losing hope, everything turned around one day. On August 1, 1987, Ian Kelly, one of Colin Pitchforks, the man that was questioned for Lynda Mann few years back, fellow worker at the bakery, told his colleagues in a Leicester pub that he has gone to do the blood test instead of Pitchfork because he has asked him to. Pitchforks excuse was that he had already given his blood pretending to be a friend who wanted to avoid being questioned about a youthful conviction for burglary. A woman overheard what Ian Kelly said and called the police to report it. On September 19, 1987, Pitchfork was arrested. His blood and saliva matched the semen samples taken from the scene of two crimes (Ottawa, Ont, 1988). This could be seen from the pattern of the DNA. When the x-ray of both sampled are placed beside each other, you could see that the pattern of 2 bands were the same or similar in location. He eventually admitted to the murders and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The impacts that this crime had to the society is the fact that young women feel more vulnerable no matter where they are. They have to live in constant fear that they might be a victim of a rape or murder just because they were simply there (Siddle, 2015). Lynda Manns sister, Rebecca Eastwood has set up an online petition against releasing Pitchfork and it has passed 4,000 signatures. She fears that If released he will kill again and he will always be danger to the public (Siddle, 2015). The fact that he doesnt have to wait for girls to hunt anymore but simply go online and find girls on social media websites scares many people that he would commit the same crime but through an easier way. Rebecca has said that Pitchfork has effected her family, especially her mom. she has been strong and tough through out the years knowing that he is in prison. She does not know how her mom would carry on if he is released. This case forces law enforcements and government to prioritize security at night in pathways and roads. The government also has to make sure that young children are not walking by themselves late at night because they could get themselves in danger. This case has also proven that DNA fingerprinting is an efficient way to identify a person through blood, saliva, semen and so on. The people, who were not really sure if this method would work, were reassured after Colin Pitchfork was arrested that this way of testing worked and that this finding is revolutionary to forensic science. Colin Pitchfork was sentenced to a minimum term of 30 years. However, in 2009, Pitchforks sentence was reduced to 28 years. Bibliography Man nabbed by genetic fingerprints gets life. (1988, Jan 23). The Ottawa Citizen Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/239145129?accountid=15182 Colin Pitchfork: DNA evidence snared child rapist who killed my sister please do not let him go free; Colin Pitchfork was the first criminal in the world to be convicted on DNA evidence and was jailed for life in 1988 for killing two schoolgirls.(2015, May 5) Irishmirror.ie, Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic Butler, J. M. (2010). Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing. London: Academic Press. Peter Cheney, T. S. (1991, Oct 05). GENETIC FINGERPRINTING legal breakthrough inexact science? Toronto Star Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/436502141?accountid=15182 Baird, R. [Ronald Baird]. (2016, August 11). True crime stories about Colin Pitchfork Code of a Killer. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deoZEm1e8TIt=27s. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V., and Thein, S. L. (1985a). Individual-specific fingerprints of human DNA. Nature 316: 76-79.

Policing Culture Paper Essay

Throughout history the role of women and racial and ethnic minorities has been restrained. This causes the inability to move up in ranking and limiting the ability to perform in certain jobs. Being a woman or having a different racial background can also cause stereotypes. For example, a Hispanic officer may be given a Hispanic area to patrol, due to his background. The need for minorities and women in law enforcement is undoubtedly true. The culture, and gender diversity in police departments is not only helpful in today’s police departments, but it is a necessity. The larger police departments such as Detroit City police could not be a successful department without ethnic minorities, and women. One example of the need for women in the department would be that on a routine stop if there were a female that is suspected of a crime, or suspected to be in the possession of drugs she needs to be searched. A long time ago a male officer would simply search the woman, and arrest her if need be, or send her on her way. With all of the sexual harassment accusations against male police officers during the frisking it is easier on the department, as well as the women being frisked just to have a female officer do the task to avoid accusations, or even the loss of a case. Cities in the United states especially the large cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, Miami, or Detroit is extremely ethnically diverse. This is where ethnic police officers are needed. If there was a call that police officers responded to there is a possibility that the person who is being interviewed at the scene would only want to talk with an ethnic police officer this will not only calm down the person being interviewed, but it will be a more effective interview. These are just a few examples of why women and ethnic minorities are a necessity to today’s police forces. That is also why men and women of today’s police forces are equal. Inside every police force is a manual that dictates guidelines for the officers to follow in times of question. This manual is usually known as the Policy and Procedures manual or P&P. These  mechanisms give officers clear guidelines on how to proceed with certain situations. These policies can only go so far in any department though. As each officer is out in his beat working his area, situations will dictate what he has to do in order to maintain his officer safety as well as the safety of the public and citizens of the area he is working. These manuals are given to instill base line knowledge of how an officer should handle himself and what his/her department feels is acceptable on how to handle calls and incidents. Policy is updated monthly if not weekly in order to stay current with case laws in order to keep the officer as sharp as possible to deal with the everyday citizens, jail house lawyers, or crim inally sophisticated individual who is well versed in dealing with law enforcement. Many experts have entertained the idea of the existence of a police subculture. Some would say that there are challenges and stress factors unique only to the job of policing. A study conducted on a police department by William Westly in Gary, Indiana discovered that two of the key factors leading to the creation of a police subculture were due to nature of the job and the individuals that the officers were most likely to come in contact with on a daily basis. He concluded that the majority of the people that officers came into contact with were those who already held resentment toward law enforcement officers. These interactions helped foster a police subculture, which emphasized violence, secrecy, and solidarity. Being a police officer can be very stressful. The demands of the job and the lack of control over workload can have a negative impact both physically and mentally. Personal relationships also suffer and the divorce rate is as high as 30 percent in some police departments. Police officers also have one of the highest suicide rates in the nation. It is apparent that police work is stressful. So what is the source of officer stress? Although many of the duties and responsibilities related to police work can create high levels of stress, there is not one single stressor that cannot be found in other occupations. The reality is that working in law enforcement can take a toll on an individual’s personal life. The challenge is trying to find a balance in order to alleviate these problems so that it does not affect the officer in the performance of their duties.

Innovative Product Electric Cars Powered Using Solar and Wind Energy

Innovative Product: Electric Cars Powered Using Solar and Wind Energy Executive summary/Abstract Electric cars are not entirely a new invention in the 21st century since they began being popular in the late 19th century. However, the concept of using both solar and wind energy to power up a car can be considered a new idea (Howell, 2008). This innovation is expected to be a solution to the current global energy crisis witnessed because of the exploitation of fossil fuels. Despite the fact that the car manufacturing industry made advances in engine technology through mass production of vehicles that use cheap gasoline, the energy crisis continued to surge with elevation of oil prices in the global market also becoming a huge concern. In addition, there is also a growing need in the world today for sustainable development through reducing emission of greenhouse gasses. Internal combustion engine cars are one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gasses especially in urban areas (Hudson, 2010). The current electric cars do not use the solar and wind technology to power the cars. They primarily rely on charging stations located strategically within an area to be able to move. There are many limitations because of this. Owners of the cars are limited by the distance they are expected to move before the charging the car battery. The cars cannot be used for longer distances, there is a speed limit that they have to run,and most people would find them less suitable for satisfying their needs. In addition, the cars batteries have to be charged at a specific location and it takes a long time to fully charge one battery. However, the new technology provides a solution by allowing the cars to charge while on the move by transforming wind energy into electricity and storing it directly to the battery. At the same time, when the sun is out during the day, the car can be charged through the solar panels located on its roof. With this technology, the car can simply run without using electric power from the battery. As long as the solar panels are perfectly working on a sunny day, it is sufficient to charge the battery as well as keep the car running at limited speed. In order to produce and market the electric cars, the group will collaborate with General Motors UK, which also owns the Vauxhall motors. This is based on the fact that General Motors is a multinational corporation with a significantly large share of the European automobile market (Sandler Chris Scinta, 2009). The company manufactures a wide range of products in the automobile industry including passenger cars and commercial cars. However, the company has had very little focus on producing electric cars despite the growing concern of sustainable development in the automotive industry through the manufacture of environmental friendly cars (Westbrook, 2002). The technology of electric and solar powered cars can be used in the manufacture of passenger cars as well as certain commercial cars. The product and evidence of its originality The innovative product is an electric car that is powered by both wind and solar energy. This means that the car is a normal electric car with chargeable batteries. The solar roof and the wind panels placed in the front bonnet are used to charge the car’s battery while on the move and when stationary. The design of the car is such that the roof has enough surface area to place the solar panels that can generate sufficient energy to power the car at a speed limit of 30miles per hour. Electricity generated from the small wind panels placed inside the front boot, can only be used to recharge the batteries while the car is on the move. However, these panels cannot be used to generate enough electricity to power the car. It is expected that through the corporation with a global car manufacturing company such as Vauxhall motors, there will be mass production of electric cars. These cars will not only be move for long distances without charging, but they will also be able to move a considerable high speed on the highways. They can operate in an almost similar manner as the combustion engine cars. As mentioned earlier, the electric cars are not entirely a new innovation in the 21st century. However, the currently used electric cars have numerous limitations making them for use in only certain designated circumstances (Westbrook, 2002). The limitations focus on price, running cost, recharging time, transmission, acceleration, and speed limit. The innovation will reduce the current limitations of electric cars. There are cars powered by solar panels, however these cars are only used for solar racing (Westbrook, 2002). They are designed in such a way that the upper part of the body is fitted with solar panels to power the car for high-speed racing. However, none of the cars has ever been made for mass consumption as either passenger cars or commercial cars. The whole concept of transforming wind energy into electricity to charge a car battery is however a new idea. As a car moves fast, it usually goes against the wind. This energy from the wind can be harnessed and transformed i nto electricity. Marketing the car: situation analysis Through forming a relationship with General Motors UK, the car can be produced for mass consumption especially in the United Kingdom and European market. There is a growing concern for the level of carbon emission in European cities (The vauxhall society, 2012). The number of gasoline automobiles in urban centers is growing and thus polluting the environment through pollution from greenhouse gas emission (Keller, 2007). PESTEL Analysis Political/Legal The automotive industry in the United Kingdom is highly affected by government laws and regulations. Many a times, such regulations emanate from environmental concerns from customers and activities regarding the need for safer automobiles. The need to satisfy the minimum pollution standards and carbon dioxide emissions also define the level of regulations that have been set for the automotive industry. Other factors that might affect the production of the electric car include the effects of taxes, subsidies, and duty. Economic The automotive industry is plays a significant role in the economy of the UK. For instance, the industry consumes raw materials from other industries such as the steel, iron, textile, rubbers, and plastics among others. This shows that the auto industry creates jobs for individuals from other industries. Other economic factors that affect UK automotive industry include the presence of increased capacities to expand, diversification, increased economies of scale, and the ability to enter into mergers and strategic alliances (Ferrel, 2010). Social/cultural factors There is no doubt that the current society judges individuals based on the type of automotive they own. By virtue of prestige, the idea of owning an electric car powered by solar and wind energy improves the social status of an individual (Bawyse, Styler, Alverson, 2002). For this reason, our group understood this phenomenon and intends to target our customers based on this line of thought. Other sociocultural factors that influence the manufacture of the electric car powered by wind and solar energies include the tastes and preferences from customers, redundancies associated with car ownership and the car cultures. Demographic factors can also be categorized under sociocultural factors and such demographic factors will enable our group to estimate the characteristics of our targeted markets (Ferrel, 2010). Younger generations are ready to spend more money on trendy products. For instance, individuals aged 25-40 are more likely to account for the highest percentage of consumers for the electric car. Technological factors Advancements in technology, the effects of globalizations, and influences from the internet have brought huge influences on the automotive industry. Speaking of the internet, buyers conduct an information search on auto websites found on the internet before making their purchase decisions (Nicolas, Zhenya, and David, 2011). Similarly, B2B platforms and market places have also provided increased opportunities to the automotive industry, and in turn leading to increased efficiencies and reduced costs (Nicolas, Zhenya, and David, 2011). Other technological factors include E-commerce factors, improved safety of the workers, improved production efficiencies, and production of more advanced products. Environmental factors Many a times, leading auto manufacturers such as Daimler Chrysler, Toyota, Ford Motors, General Motors, Volvo, among other companies come together in developing trade associations such as the Alliance on Automobile Manufacturers. The aim of forming such an organization is to bring unity on policy aspects relating to the manufacture of automotive aspects and in designing global standards. SWOT analysis Strengths The first strength of the car is its efficiency in terms of emission of greenhouses and toxic gases. The car being electric, it is obvious that it will be 100 percent free of emission. However, emission of the harmful gasses is usually transferred to the source of electricity used to charge up the batteries. The current electric cars in the market may not be 100 percent emission free because of the source of electricity used to charge the battery still rely on the use of fossil fuels (Westbrook, 2002). Generation plants are used to generate the electricity. Nevertheless, electric cars are ecofriendly and offer a perfect solution to the issue of sustainability in the automotive industry (Hudson, 2010). According to a study conducted in the UK, electric cars reduce emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by 40 percent (Hudson, 2010). However, the study also acknowledges the fact that there still will be emission as result of electricity generation, manufacturing, and disp osal of the electric cars. The innovation is expected to reduce this level of emission further, since the cars will not always have to rely on power stations to recharge the batteries. This is because of the solar and wind technologies to generate electricity. The second strength of the car is the cost of maintenance (Hudson, 2010). Owing to the fact that the car does not rely on combustion engine, maintenance majorly focuses on the car battery. The solar panels do not need maintenance as long as they are in good shape. The electric car will only have 5 moving parts compared to the hundreds moving parts in the combustible engine cars. This implies that there is little need to maintain the whole car expect for the battery (Howell, 2008). Therefore, consumers can generally purchase the cars at higher price than combustible engine cars but end spending less to maintain the car (Howell, 2008). Thirdly, the recharge time has been reduced due to the ability of the car to recharge on its own while on the move. Through the solar panels placed on the roof of the car, it is possible for the car to recharge on a sunny day. The panels further have the ability to store extra energy for use up to 5 hours when the sun is not out. Weakness The major weakness with most electric cars is the recharge time. Combustion engine cars, which are mainly powered by fossil fuels, do not have this problem because they can be fueled very quickly, anytime, and anywhere. However, for the electric cars, in order for the battery to be fully charged, it takes a significantly long time. This is going to be a weakness especially if the cars are to be used during seasons when the sun never appears. During such seasons, the car will have to operate normally as an electric car, where charging will be done at particular charging station. However, the battery switch technology can be used to extend the range in which the cars travel. This means that one can go to a charging station and switch a fully charged battery with a depleted battery in a very short time. At the same time, the ‘range anxiety’ can be reduced using powerful batteries that can The other weakness of the car is top speed. Just like many other electric cars, the car top speed will be lower than combustion engine cars. This is because this car is going to be used as a passenger and commercial car. This means that it is going to be used mainly for personal use by consumers. The prices of the batteries are also very expensive. On top of this cost, the price of the cars will also be slightly higher as a result of the solar technologies used to power the car. Commodity Price Risks Vauxhall commodity price risks to higher costs due to changes in prices of inputs such as steel, aluminum, plastics and rubber, which go into the production of automobiles. In order to mitigate these risks, the company continues to attempts to enter into long-term contracts based on its projections of prices (Vauxhall motors Limited, 2010). In a volatile commodity market, where the company gives top priority to ensuring smooth availability of inputs, long-term contracts are helpful. They also help minimize the impact of growing input prices. Conversely, long-term contracts dilute the benefits, if any of a decline in input prices. Exchange Rate Risk The company is exposed to the risks associated with fluctuations in foreign exchange rates mainly of import of components raw materials and export of vehicles. The company has a well-structured exchange risk management policy. The company manages the exchange risk by using appropriate hedge instruments depending on the prevailing market conditions and the view on the currency. Opportunities The UK government and most countries in Europe recommend the use of ecofriendly cars. People who use such cars are credited by the government. This creates an opportunity because the government calls for mass production of electric cars to be used especially in urban centers. This means that the cars have a lot of potential being used for personal use. Threats Risk Factors In the course of its business, Vauxhall is exposed to a variety of market and other risks including the effects of demand dynamics, commodity prices, currency exchange rates, interest rates, as well as risk associated with financial issues, hazard events and specific assets risk. Whenever possible, we use the instrument of insurance to mitigate the risk. Business Risks The automotive industry is very capital intensive. Such investments require a certain scale of operation to generate viable returns. These scales depend on demand. Although 2011/12 was year of continued growth for the UK economy, whether this growth momentum will continue has to be seen. The Eurozone crisis also posed a risk to the growth of the UK economy however; this crisis is currently easing up. Product life cycle As a new product, much time will be spent by the organization to createawareness of it presence amongst its target market. This will affect the profits negatively since a lot of money will be spent in awareness creation (Aaker McLoughlin, 2010). Growth If consumer clearly feels that this product will benefit them in someways and they accept it, the organization will see a period of rapid salesgrowth. Vauxhall stands on Growth Stage. As the sales of its existing products, increase customers will also buy the electric car byproviding them with great benefits in future and they will accept it (Anderson, Fornell, Mazvancheryl, 2004). Maturity Rapid sales growth cannot last  forever. Sales slowdown as  the productsales reach peak as it  has been accepted by most buyers (Andreas Michae, 2011). Decline Sales and profits start to decline, the organization may try to changetheir pricing strategy to  stimulate growth, and  however  the product will  either  have to be re-modified, or replaced within the market (Baker, 2007). Legal protection of the innovation The innovation has to be protected from illegal production of the same product. The group selects patenting the innovation as a method of legal protection. This will give the group exclusive rights to sell, produce, or allow the invention to be used for a particular number of years (United Kingdom Patent application, 2004). Patenting the product is important since the group, which acts as the patent holders, will have the rights to stop any company from infringing the patent. Through the patent, the idea is expected to boost sales of the product through collaborating with Vauxhall Motors. The idea is also expected to increase revenues for the company the partnership entitles it to the mass production of the electric cars. The patent will be a valuable asset for the group as inventors as well as the partnering company. Patenting the innovation entails a process and the product has to qualify for patenting. According to the criteria for patenting innovations in the UK, the idea or product has to meet certain standards in order to be patented (United Kingdom Patent application, 2004). The invention has to be unique and different from other similar products. This means that the inventors have to first of all conduct a patent search to ascertain the idea is unique. Based on the description of the product earlier in this report, the idea of using solar energy as a means to power a car is for personal and commercial use is very new. Similarly, the idea of using wind energy to recharge an electric car’s battery is completely new. This therefore makes the product unique and different from the other electric cars. The second criterion is ensuring that the innovation is useful. The subject matter of patenting the product has to be useful. Therefore, the reason why the group would choose to patent the product is the huge benefit that comes with producing electric cars of the said nature. The cars are useful not only to individual who purchase them but also to the entire planet owing to the fact that they are eco-friendly. The kind of patent that will be sought to protect the innovation is utility patent. This is granted to inventors who make a useful and new product, processes, and compositions. Utility patent is also granted to inventors who make new and useful variations to existing composition, processes, and products. The electric car that is also powered by solar and wind energy is a useful and new variation of an existing product. As earlier mentioned, electric cars are not entirely new, they were first made over a century ago. Research and development of the product When consumers make purchases for goods and services, they normally go for the products that give them the greatest utility. This is because it is the only way they can effectively use their money (Bhatia, 2000). Otherwise, customers would not buy a product for the sake of it. It is a common phenomenon that new products are developed but eventually flop in the market. This is why conducting a market research before letting out a product or service into the market is essential (Blythe, 2009). The innovation in this case is an improvement of a technology that already exists. The car has to be produced at a lower ATC or average total cost (Brennan, Baines, Garneau, 2007). This is essential for increasing the revenue and sales of the product. Since the group is small with limited capabilities of mass production, collaborating with a large company would help in developing the product further. It is a common thing for successful companies to wait until small businesses develop a new and viable product before creating a copy of the same product fast. This strategy, commonly referred to as the first second strategy is extensively used by big companies (Cambria, Grassi, Hussain, Havasi, 2011). The large companies enjoy the greater advantage of high profitability. Therefore producing the same product in a short time is highly possible because of the money. Furthermore, diffusion normally occurs in when firms come up with new products and processes. Some of the futures of the product will diffuse in the industry. For instance, a rival firm can easily take the concept of solar energy in car and use differently for accomplish a different purpose. Nonetheless, the company in cooperation with the group can develop a trademark for the electric cars and therefore build a brand name using the trademark. For instance, the company can come up with new brand name for series of electric cars. A name such as the Vauxhall Solec can be used for a series of electric and solar cars produced by the company. Moreover, in order to prevent diffusion or copying of the product by other companies, Vauxhall Motors can make it a trade secret the process of manufacturing the car. Through the help of the group members, the company can develop expertise who will be engaged in the production of the car. Promoting the new product Branding the car is an effective strategy of promoting it. Nevertheless, in order to first promote or brand the car, there is need to conduct an assessment of the market competition (Clow Baack, 2007). This includes evaluating the potential hindrances and threats. The barriers can simply be regulations on advertising, legal consideration and budgetary constraints. These barriers can prevent Vauxhall Motors from launching and (or) promoting the electric car in its target market. Identification of a target market is essential because the car cannot be promoted to every type of customers. Different customers have different needs and the product cannot satisfy the needs of every customer at once (Future Buzz, 2010). It is essential to identify a customer but there is need to divide the target customers into different group. This process of segmentation will ensure that advertising message is given differently to each segment depending on their needs (Keller, 2007). For instance, the ta rget markets for the product are mainly consumers in urban centers in the UK first and then the whole Europe. These are the specific points identified where there is high emission of greenhouse gasses. Consumers in urban centers are targeted because they are aware of the concerns and the need to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses through the use of ecofriendly cars (Marketing Breakthroughs Inc, 2011). Within the urban centers, there are also charging stations, where the car batteries can be charged or exchanged with a fully charged battery. There are also additional infrastructures in place that assist use of electric cars. Our product will be targeted to all categories of  people. Since it has a very competitive price, it will find prospective buyersat lower middle level as their daily run about.It will also be targeted at  middle class who will use it  for their daily  house chores (Roussel, Saad, Erickson, 2001).Upper middle will use this car for entering congestion areas. After identifying the market segment, the next step is communicating the right message to each of the segments. This will be achieved through advertising in traditional mass media and social media. In order to encourage mass production of the cars, the government usually subsidizes taxes imposed on ecofriendly cars. This implies that the prices will be significantly affordable. Sales promotion is another way in which the company can use to brand the cars. This can be done through competition and providing discounts for the first 100 units bought at each dealing center. Public relation activities will also be done. This wi ll entail use of the press at the company’s own advantage (Roussel, Saad, Erickson, 2001). For instance, the company will engage in vigorous public campaigns before the release or the launch of the cars. During the launch of the car for sales, the company will ensure that international media houses are present to cover the event. New channels of brand promotion and marketing emerge constantly. Digital media is the new media for marketing and promoting sales of a product. A large percentage of the target customers are located in urban centers. These are areas with working internet infrastructure and most people use the internet in one way or another. Therefore, the company will use its website, social media applications, mobile phone promotion, blogging, viral marketing through social media, and e-commerce. The website will be designed in such a way that customers can interact with the company directly, order for their cars online, and make purchases via online platform. Social media and the concept of sharing information through social networking sites, offers a perfect opportunity for the viral marketing (Cambria, Grassi, Hussain, Havasi, 2011). Once the consumers get to enjoy their experience with the cars and the company, they will share it with their friends and family(Cambria, Grassi, Hussain, Havasi, 2011). Marketing strategy: Ansoff Matrix This section aims at developing a growth strategy for the business. Based on the Ansoff matrix, the company can be able to decide on a market and product growth strategy. The tool suggests that marketing a product, either new or existing, in a new or existing market is the sole determinant for the growth of the company. To market a new product in an existing market will require product development whereas marketing a new product in a new market will require diversification (Blythe, 2009). Since the product in this case is a new product developed from existing ones it can be marketed in both new and existing markets through product development and diversification. Already the car has potentially numerous benefits to appeal to existing markets(Blythe, 2009). The cars are ecofriendly and governments in Europe are giving credit to consumers who use ecofriendly cars. Governments are also reducing the taxes imposed on electric cars while increasing those imposed on the normal cars with com bustible engines. Diversification will come into play when Vauxhall Motors intends to sales the car in an entirely new market. The company will begin with the UK before moving to different parts of Europe and North America. However, moving into a new market will require the company to conduct risk assessment and have clear goals about moving into the new market(Blythe, 2009). Justification of the selected target Audience Target audience Certainly, the marketing strategy of any company or manufacturing firm is directly aligned to a clearly defined target market (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2011). As such, our Joint Venture with Vauxhall Motors will establish a distinct target market for our electric car. This involves laying more emphasis in the production high quality and reliable electric car that utilizes wind and solar energies. In fact, the company will work towards being voted as the best and most efficient electric car in Europe. Based on the high our electric car, our company will various target audiences within, and outside the UK in addition to establishing a strong brand loyalty to our electric car, which allows for feasible targeting (Bawyse, Styler, Alverson, 2002). While other electric car companies are targeting clients whose mileage is less than 100 miles in a day, our company is not limited to mileage because the car is powered by wind and solar energy. For this reason, all categories of clients willing to cut down on costs suffered in paying for exorbitant gas prices will qualify as our clients. The target market is thus anyone looking forward for an extended driving range coupled with phenomenal fuel efficiencies. The UK is the ideal market because it has one of the best-developed automobile markets in the world. This shows that our Joint Venture with Vauxhall motors was aimed at enabling us to fulfill the market demands. Despite the high price of Lithium batteries in electric vehicles, the idea of having the battery recharged will suit the needs and aspirations of the clients. Other important factors that will be considered when deciding the choice of the target market involve identifying drivers who have interest in electric cars, the potential usage of electric car usage, the purchase decisions cycles, environmental efficiencies, and the future changes in the electric car market.Furthermore, clients must be convinced to switch to the idea of electro-mobility in order to support environmental campaigns of minimizing the high levels of pollution arising from combustion activities of gasoline vehicles. Market Penetration Since the product will be  manufactured in India, due to  the lowerlabor costs and tax soups. It will be priced extremely lower than itscompetitors(Blythe, 2009). Internal and external analysis Vauxhall Motor is a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motor Corporation (UK) and is the second largest and thefastest growing car manufacturer in the UK. Vauxhall Motor presently markets 20 variantsof passenger cars in six segments. Vauxhall Motor, continuing its tradition of being the fastestgrowing passenger car manufacturer, registered total sales of 299,513vehicles in calendar year 2006, an increase of 18.5 % over 2005. Inthe domestic market it clocked a growth of 19.1 % compared to 2005, with186174 units, while overseas sales grew by 17.4 %, with exports of 113,339units (Vauxhall motors Limited, 2010).Vauxhall Motor fully integrated state-of-the- art manufacturing plant in Luton and Ellesmere Port boasts some of the most advanced production, quality, and testing capabilities in the country. In continuation of its investment in providing theUK customer global technology, Vauxhall Motor is setting up its second plant, whichwill produce an additional 300,000 units per annum, raisi ng its totalproduction capacity to 600,000 units per annum by end of 2007(Vauxhall motors Limited, 2010).Vauxhall Motor is investing to expand capacity in line with its positioning asGeneral Motors global export hub for compact cars. Apart from expansion of production capacity, Vauxhall Motor plans to expand its dealer network, which will beincreased from 183 to 250 this year. In addition, with the company’s greater focus onthe quality of its after-sales service, its service network will be expandedto around 1,000 in 2012. The previous years have been significant for Vauxhall Motor. Itachieved a significant milestone by rolling out the fastest 300,000th exportcar. Vauxhall Motor exports to over 65 countries globally; even as it plans to continueits thrust in existing export markets, it is gearing up to step up its foray intonew markets. Vauxhall Motor has also been awarded the benchmark ISO 14001certification for its sustainable environment management practices. Competitive theory: Awareness of competition and competition for income The global automotive industry for electric vehicles comprises of a diverse section of competing departments such as those involved in power generation and distribution, automotive, electronics, and special chemicals. For this reason, it takes many factors to understand the unique structure of these factors coupled with the desire to develop innovations and critical elements that will drive innovation. It is also emphatically crucial that electric vehicle manufacturers conduct their research on features that are critical for driving the industry into greater heights. Many a times, the need for competitive intelligence on market, and the need to find the latest information on events happening in the electric vehicle forms the list of the major factors that many a firm consider when analyzing the competitive environment. Our group has monitored global electric vehicle development and gathered enough intelligence that enabled us to come with a unique electric car that is powered by solar and wind energy. In order to remain competitive, our intelligence team collected information from the world’s leading sources on automobile information, OEM manufacturers for electric vehicle parts, and other relevant information from automotive websites. This strategy of becoming aware of the competitive environment acts as a cost effective strategy for propelling our innovative product to new heights. Furthermore, it will save the manufacturers of our product great sums of money because it eliminates the need to conduct additional research on the competitive landscape, sort out the competitive intelligence data, and find the appropriate channel for conducting clients. We are aware that the Electric car faces immense competition from other electric cars based on rechargeable batteries but the idea that our car will be powered by solar energy and wind energy puts our group ahead of the competition. Another source of competitive power ad income will come from the suppliers of electric components for the electric vehicle. Component suppliers form a critical part in determining the quality of the product and as well, determine the levels of price that should be charged for our product. Cultivating better relationships with component suppliers is one of the leading factors that electric vehicle manufacturers try to achieve. Another important part where competition plays a major role is analyzing the strategies employed by our competitors. Major competition for our electric car powered by solar energy and wind energy is expected to come from the following players; The Toyota Prius, which is developed and distributed by the Toyota Motor Company, is a possible competitor for our electric car. Toyota Motor has played a significant role in the production of hybrid cars. It has also produced an electric version of the Toyota Camry Renault Twizy that uses a 15kW Li-on battery is another potential competitor The Bluestar and Whitestar sedans produced by the Tesla are also expected to compete with our electric car BMW had plans of developing a hybrid version of their X model. Market intelligence shows that BMW intended to use hybrid technology and install a solar panel at the roof of the vehicle. However, this dream is yet to be realized and hence, our innovative product will enter the market using the first mover advantage. The Leaf from Nissan Motor Company is also expected to bring a certain level of competition to the distribution process of our electric car Although our group intends to collaborate with a subsidiary of General Motors, the Chevrolet Volt from GM is expected to provide stiff competition to our electric car. However, the idea that the Volt is recharged from a turbocharged engine provides a limitation to this vehicle as having to make it qualify as a pure electric vehicle. Other potential competitors of electric cars in the UK automotive industry include the Mitsubishi iMiEV, Citroen C-Zero, Peugeot iOn, and Smart Fortwo ED Communication and promotion theory Communicating our product to the clients will form a major objective in enhancing the popularity of the innovative electric car developed by our group. Our group main objective is to be among leading firms in the electric car industry by offering exceptional electric cars, and maintaining quality such that our product not only satisfies the needs of the customers but also fulfills the needs of delivering a sustainable product in the industry (Anderson, Fornell, Mazvancheryl, 2004). To realize this vision, our group intends to use some marketing communication tools to enhance the awareness of the electric car. Additionally, our group will use integrated marketing communication to inform clients about the benefits and new features of the electric car and the same time convincing or influencing them to purchase the car. Equally, it is emphatically crucial to satisfy customers and intrigue them through various media channels, and for this reason, IMC is the ideal strategy to use in sat isfying customers(Hums, M. 2011). Promotion and Advertising Strategy Our group and our partners will use a combination of â€Å"push† and â€Å"pull† marketing strategies will be used in promoting the electric car powered by solar and wind energies. For this reason, the 6M Model is the most suitable advertising strategy because it incorporates both â€Å"push† and â€Å"pull† marketing strategies to the customers. This model aligns itself with the marketing objectives of our group given that it addresses all the essential concepts contained in the company objectives. Generally, the 6M model is an advertising medium that involves direct marketing and the media, and incorporates related aspects to realize the objectives of the company (Anand, Shachar, 2007). 6M Model This model comprises of media, mission, message, market, money, and measurement. This model helps in fostering the decision buying process (mission, market, and message) in addition to enabling the marketer to choose the right communication medium, spend the correct amount, and determine the right results of the integrated marketing communication strategy (Anand, Shachar, 2007). Market entails identifying the right audience for the communication. Media revolves around the selection of the best communication vehicles to deliver the message to clients. Mission involves the identification of the main objective of the communication. Money refers to the amount of money that will be budgeted for the entire process. Message involves identifying the specific points that must be communicated in the advertisement message. Lastly, measurement entails the process of assessing the impact of the communication process. Since the electric car powered by solar and wind energy is an entirely new product that must be launched in the international market, several tracks and tools for evaluating the promotional process must be identified to determine the progress of the product in the market (Certo, 2009). For instance, the number of sales in several mediums such as automotive websites, car-dealers, and direct consumer sales from the company including the time taken for the product to reach the consumers should be measured. Another fundamental thing that must be measured is the profit obtained per unit of every product sold. Other aspects of the innovative electric car that must be measured and evaluated include the volume of customer returns and complaints inclusive of reasons for such complaints. In both situations, conducting follow ups and surveys on customers to determine the ideal advertising strategy that enticed them to purchase the product. This should be done to avoid the replica of the situation that happened with a certain type of Toyota models that were recalled due to the presence of particular defects. Other than advertising, other promotional channels exists that will facilitate the promotion of the electric car to the clients. These include internet marketing through automotive websites. Internet Marketing Advancement in technology has increased the popularity of the internet, thus making the internet to be a fundamental tool in the integrated marketing communication strategy. A well-developed online system enables customers to enjoy the flexibility and the freedom to make a choice of their preferences in addition to providing a cheap-targeted assistance to clients at a reduced cost. Speaking of internet marketing, the email, and the web are the key tools that will be used to facilitate the marketing process (Anand, Shachar, 2007). E-mail campaigns will be adopted by our group and Vauxhall motors to promote the purchase of the electric car. This will be targeted at building customer relationships, generating sales, and increasing traffic to Vauxhall motors’ website. Additionally, it will facilitate the communication of customers directly by mailing newsletters. Another critical element of email campaigns is the aspect of reducing costs because of the lower variable costs assoc iated with contacting prospective clients. Undeniably, websites are essential frameworks that give clients the opportunity to gather vital information regarding the products of their choice (Strokes, 2008). This can be attributed to the fact that they provide unbiased product reviews particularly when third party sites such as blogs and forums are used to guide the information gathering process. Our group and Vauxhall motors intend to use websites to facilitate the sale of the electric car including related transactions (Lal, 2005). The most important feature is the elimination of intermediaries in the sales process. Speaking of accessibility, clients are capable of accessing the website at any time thereby enabling the company to enhance its profits and as well, increase the process of generating relationships with other clients. Internet marketing acts as a two-way communication between the client and the Vauxhall motors thereby increasing the effectiveness of the internet as an important communication and advertising tool . Pricing theory Determination of the ideal price for our electric car powered by wind and solar energy will involve analyzing several factors. This include the cost of production, the costs that will save the customer in terms of costs that could have otherwise been incurred when purchasing gasoline, and the prevailing prices for other electric cars in the industry. An analysis of the UK market prices for Electric Cars reveals the following prices and models; Model Price  £ Renault Twizy  £6,690 Mitsubishi iMiev  £23,990 Smart Fortwo  £14,345 Citroen C-Zero  £21,216 Nissan Leaf  £25,990 Tesla Roadster  £87,945 Reva G-Wiz  £11,950 These prices are expected to offer stiff competition to the pricing strategy adopted by our group. For this reason, our group intends to use the optimum pricing strategy for marketing Vauxhall Solec. Vauxhall Motors understands that regardless of the high quality of the materials used, the product might fail to sell if our costs will be unacceptable to consumers. For this reason, the company will adopt an optimum pricing strategy that will aid the process of optimizing the introductory price. The optimum pricing strategy will involve forecasting sales at multiple price points to determine the optimal price and as well to predict the potential profit that can be obtained for each product (Pitta, and Pitta, 2012). Analysis of current pricing, and changes in competitor pricing will used to arrive at the optimal price. Note that the company will arrive at the optimal price without compromising on the quality of the electric cart (Kotler, and Keller, 2009). This pricing strategy will be known as the price sensitivity analysis because it will uncover the points that consumers can develop a negative perception regarding the level of the product being â€Å"too cheap, â€Å"price indi fferent, or â€Å"too expensive†. Market entry Based on the competitive nature of the Automotive industry in the United Kingdom, determining the ideal criteria for entering the UK electric car should be decided after conducting an assessment of key but influential market factors. Some of the factors to be considered include the evaluation of legal regulations for international manufacturing activities in the UK, the required investment and resources to run the manufacturing process, and examining the advantages associated with the rest of the market entry strategies (Brink, Strydom, Botha, 2005). In turn, this assessment will enable the company to determine determines the rate of return, the level of associated risks in the automotive industry, and the requisite levels of control needed in each industry. After considering these factors, our group should choose Joint Ventures as primary mode of entering the UK automotive because it requires less investment to be made. This can be attributed to the argument that entering a joint venture with Vauxhall motors will reduce several costs incurred as compared to the situation where our group could have decided to set up a new production plant. Vauxhall Motors is an established company in the UK and by collaborating with it; our group will minimize chances of failure. The suitability of this entry mode is suitable in the production of our electric powered car entails the opportunities that our group will obtain by collaborating with an already established company (Brink, Strydom, Botha, 2005). Second, Vauxhall Motors has already fulfilled the existing legal regulations and policies in UK thereby making it a form of a speedy entry for our group. Such factors position joint venture strategy as the most suitable mode of entry into the UK automotive market. Third, the joint venture strategy can enable our group to reduce the price of our electric car because we will be able to utilize the utilization of the already existing economies of scale in terms of manufacturing, distribution, and ready market (Certo, 2009). Finally yet import, the break-even analysis will be shortened and as such, the Company will be able to register profits in the shortest period after it starts commences its trading activities in the UK market. Decision making methods This entails the process of identifying and choosing the best alternatives after analyzing the preferences and values of the decision-making body. For our group, the process of making decisions will not only entail the evaluation of the available alternatives but it will also involve the selection of choices that fit well with the desires, values, and objectives of the company (Armstrong. 2006). This process will involve key decision makers and stakeholders who will form a critical part in minimizing challenges and defining the goals and objectives of the company. For this reason, the ideal decision making method will be evidence-based decision making. Evidence-based decision refers to undertaking a commitment to execute intelligent but informed decisions using the best available evidence and facts (Daft Marcic, 2008; Paley, 2006). The management will thus be aware of all decision-making biases that exist that might hinder our organization, and looking for evidence with vigor before making decision. Thistype of making decisions requires managers to make choices carefully and thoughtfully, instead of depending on intuition, assumptions, rules of thumb, and experiences from other parties (Daft Marcic, 2008). According to organizational behavior theory, evidence-based decision encompasses obtaining a thorough understanding of learning principles, concepts (knowing what), models, as well as processes and procedures (knowing how)†. This means that in order to make decisions in our organizations,it is critical for managers to acquaint with concepts of the issue at hand, to which a decision must be made(Armstrong. 2006). For insta nce, our business chose joint venture as the ideal market entry strategy and as such, decision-making stakeholders should first ensure that he/she knows all the features and facts regarding joint ventures. Learning what Joint Ventures gives way to the next step whereby the managers will learn the ‘how’ of the decision at hand. Simply put, evidence-based decision-making encompasses conducting research to gather empirical evidence of applicability of the decision at hand before arriving at the conclusion (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Several guidelines will be followed when making evidence-based decisions in our organization. The first step involves the process of avoidingthe idea of adopting and implementing ideas thought of as being new (Daft Marcic, 2008). Many a times, such ideas areusually old ideas that have been rebranded under new ideas.In simple terms, this involves advancing old ideas and/or practices and passing them as new ideas. If such a situation is allowed to build up, the most likelyresultsare cynicism, skepticism, and distrust from a section of the management (Pfeffer Sutton, 2006). Moreover, organizational leaders should constructively enquirefor those big ideas presented to themand evaluate their application to their organization. Many a time, these â€Å"most claimed business breakthroughs denote incremental developments in the best case scenario or counterproductive changes if they fail to apply to the scenario being presented in the case study (Organizational Behavior, 2009, p.409). Pfef fer and Sutton (2006) warned managers against embracing and commemorating single-handed gurus while making decision. Effective and efficient decision-making does not entail a process where single individuals undertake decisions (Paley, 2006). Instead, the efficiency of decision-making process is determined by the level of participation by all individuals in the management. Conclusion Automobiles have become an indispensable part of our lives, anextension of the human body that provides us faster, cheaper and moreconvenient mobility every passing day. Behind this betterment go the efforts of those in the industry, in the form of improvement through technological research. What actually lie behind this betterment of the automobiles are theopinions, requirements, likes, and dislikes of those who use these vehicles.These wheeled machines affect